Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method kazem oraee1 and amir houssain bangian2 drilling constitutes an important part of the production process in sublevel stoping method and up to 50% of the total costs can be attributed to this element. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. Sperr in the engineering and minting journal of june 5, 1912, and by p. The underhand sublevel open stoping method comprises the following steps.
This paper describes several sources of external dilution affecting the stope walls during underground sublevel and bench stoping. Optimising sublevel stoping dimensions in orebodies. Study on sublevel open stoping with subsequent backfilling. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping top results of your surfing geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. Method for effective pdf files manipulation detection abstract. It was developed over the years from a method originally known as short hole bench and train mining. Excavation design and mining methods in the 1100 ore body, mount isa mine, australia. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. Probabilistic stability analysis of open stopes in.
Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. This method usually is applied to strong ore bodies that require minimal support and are surrounded by strong country rock. The orebody is divided into sections about 100 m h igh and further divided laterally into. Pdf, you can split or merge pdf files easily and conveniently. Development of the ramp up to the desired elevation for the stope, top or bottom. It is intended to be a previous step to tackle, which can save a lot of. Figure 3 sublevel open stoping method atlas copco, 2007 3.
The editor gratefully acknowledges extracts from underground mining methods. Math biography found in teaching math to adolescents and adults, prepared by beth ann leaf and linda thistlethwaite. Its characteristic feature is the use of sublevels. Mining methods and method selection snu open courseware. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and read more. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary the first section gives an overview of underg round mining methods and practices as used. This method is usually considered as an alternate to sublevel caving when a lower dilution method is needed and where the rock is fairly competent. Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress. The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659. The wikipedia entry on convex optimization and related topics could be improved or extended. Underhand cut and fill mining methods are used at the lucky friday, stillwater, and galena mines in the western us in an effort to safely mine in difficult ground conditions and as a primary mining method where access below the ore is limited. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping top results of your surfing geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to.
Pdf sublevel stoping underground mining methods researchgate. If we add the number of electrons that each sublevel holds it looks like this. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. In this article, we will introduce you a new method to merge pdf files. When the parameter of the room and pillar is 18m, the underground mining is safe and steady. The method requires that the hanging wall and often the footwall be of competent rock as the stulls provide the only artificial support. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method. Longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production equipments used block caving introduction historical. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel. This paper discusses the stope parameters of the sublevel subsequent filling stage in daye iron shizishan section. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and wo. Pdf economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. The following description of components of the system is an attempt to highlight some of the most important features and requirements of mechanized sublevel stoping methods. Physical work is reduced and it is easier to motivate the workforce.
Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. The diagram below really shows the overlap of the principal energy levels. Method for effective pdf files manipulation detection. The solution uses one application specific method, the run method. This page contains links to various interesting and useful sites that relate in some way to convex optimization. The issue of balancing dilution and ore recovery is a challenging one as profitability is to be optimized while not effecting the efficiency of operation. Sublevel caving is a bulk mining method which is largely dependent upon the gravity. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping a description details on this. Sublevel open stoping originated in the early 1900s in iron ore mines in michigan, usa. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf.
Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. Best practices for writing dockerfiles docker documentation. Introduccion 2underground mining methods sublevel stoping indice 1. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Atlas copco sublevel caving mining method duration. Cn105822307a underhand sublevel open stoping method. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. The invention relates to the technical field of stoping methods and particularly relates to an underhand sublevel open stoping method. Factors which control ground behaviour such as the geometry of the openings, the influence of geological discontinuities, stress redistribution and blasting practices are discussed. According to the similar material simulation technology, which is the main means, displacement monitoring and internal stress monitoring, several conclusions are summarized as bellow. With the advent of recently developed sophisticated and expensive drilling machines, sublevel stoping has gained renewed advantage over other similar methods. Bighole stoping method bighole stoping is an upscaled variant of sublevel open stoping, using longer, largerdiameter dth blastholes, ranging from 140 mm to 165 mm. Pdf design and dimensioning of sublevel stoping for extraction of. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping crc press book.
The sublevel stoping method was used with paste backfill, which had been experiencing overexcavation issues at the hangingwall and the front wall of the stopes. Java how can i write my arraylist to a file, and read load. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. When n 3, a level set is called a level surface see also isosurface, and for higher values of n the level set is a level hypersurface. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. Blast patterns are similar to sublevel open stoping, but with holes up to 100 m long. In this method, the face is formed perpendicular to the seam strike and implemented in the form of slices 7. Mining method, underground mining, roomandpillar mining, sublevel. It is a versatile and productive method that is primarily used for large ore bodies with a steep dip, regular shape, and defined ore bodies. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses. Sublevel stoping, vertical retreat stoping, sublevel caving, and cutandfill mining are methods that usually can be applied under similar conditions.
Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss underground mining methods and equipment s. Current longwall mining method applied in the mine the current method used in the abovementioned mines is a sub level longwall cavingretreat method. Development for sublevel open stoping at the carr fork mine. Crown stope instability due to stress concentrations induced by changes in the. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and sublevel. The ore body should be fairly regular in shape and welldefined. Sources of external dilution in underground sublevel and. The proposed new variant is the result of combination the theoretic considerations, field experience using the application of similar methods and researches on models. Stull stoping is a form of stoping used in hardrock mining that uses systematic or random timbering stulls placed between the foot and hanging wall of the vein. Before mining begins, an ore pass is usually drilled from a lower to a higher elevation. So a level surface is the set of all realvalued roots of an equation in three variables x 1, x 2 and x 3, and a level hypersurface is the set of all realvalued roots of an equation in n n 3 variables. As far as quantity is concerned, sublevel caving is now the most important method with about 25 million tonnes per annum out of which kiruna alone. It sometimes is referred to as longhole or blasthole stoping.
The cerro lindo mine is the largest underground mine in peru, currently mining more than 20,000 tonnes day. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. The method is still used in a handful of nonmechanised mines in south america, africa, asia and canada. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping download. Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. Drilling constitutes an important part of the production process in sublevel stoping method and up to 50% of the total costs can be attributed to this element. We also mention our publicly available matlab code hanso, addressing the issues of stopping criteria and how to assess the quality of the result. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors.
Consequently, it can be used on any platform that supports the run method. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian. Draw control strategy for sublevel caving mines simple search. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs advantages of this mining method it allows for a low safety and health risk as well as improved working environment. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Ee364b convex optimization ii stanford engineering everywhere. Black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd 9,839 views. Jul 08, 2009 atlas copco cut and fill mining method duration. The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to then bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying said methodology to an actual design example. Sublevel stoping recover s the ore from open stopes separated by access drifts each connected to a ramp. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining. These applications include but may not be limited to excel, word, and powerpoint. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions.
Similar comments would apply to the use of older equipment columnandarm drill setups, slushers, etc. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. It is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. Sublevel stoping generally is a largescale open stoping method. Mcdonald in the mining and scientific press of july 5, 19, is really a combination of several different methods of stoping. The method has evolved at each mine to meet the unique situations associated with their milling procedure.
Policies must be set down to ensure that realistic standards are established for each phase of the operation from investigation to production. Best practices for writing dockerfiles estimated reading time. Ore is fragmented in the stope using ringdrilled or long parallel blast holes, and moved to the. Jan 21, 2018 it is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Click download or read online button to get geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping book now.
A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. The aim of this thesis is to ease the process of detecting manipulations in pdf files by addressing its source code, before having to use other methods such as image processing or textline examination. Once the development is completed, the panel is separated in sections of 21 m to 37 m 70 ft to 120 ft long. Docker builds images automatically by reading the instructions from a dockerfile a text file that contains all commands, in order, needed to build a given image. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. Generally a large scale open stoping method, it is often referred to as long hole or blast hole stoping. Underhand cut and fill mining as practiced in three deep hard. Pdf geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping americo. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc. The production for a mine using sublevel stoping can range from 15 40 tonsemployeeshift, while one stope can produce greater than 25000 tons per month. Jumbos selectively drill holes into the roof of the drift and fill them with explosives.
Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stoping underground mining methods 1. Sublevel stoping, cut and fill mining and sublevel caving have generally replaced shrinkage mining in australia, europe and canada. In most underground mines, a number of sources in various stages of development, production and filling are being extracted at anyone time. This is accomplished by the use of a continuous stopping line that is installed from the portals to the active faces. Sublevel stopping method abstract this paper presents a design and parameters of the new variant of sublevel stopping method. Black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd 4,333 views. In cases where fill is not used, the main concern is the sequencing of the stopes such. The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved.
The implications of design to the recovery of the sublevel cave stopes, with the greater sublevel intervals, is described in this thesis. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. With the advent of recently developed sophisticated and expensive drilling. Shortwall stoping versus sublevel longwall cavingretreat in. The mine is currently operating at 1150ml using sublevel mining method for copper ore bodies extraction. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave. More specifically, ore recovery can be defined by the percentage of minable reserves extracted in the mining process. This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. Practical design strategy is discussed with the sliding plane sp concept. Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method used for extracting different types of ore. Java how can i write my arraylist to a file, and read load that file to the original arraylist. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as salt, coal. Longhole sublevel stoping, often referred to as sublevel open stoping and blast hole stoping is a commonly used method in large scale mining.
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